Introduction
The Singrauli region, known as India’s ‘Energy Capital,’ has become a major hub of fly ash (FA) pollution generated from thermal power plants (TPPs). This research paper provides an in-depth analysis of the chemical impacts of FA emanating from TPPs, particularly the risks posed to soil, water, air, and human health through heavy metals such as arsenic (As: 10-100 mg/kg), mercury (Hg: 0.1-1 mg/kg), lead (Pb: 50-200 mg/kg), selenium (Se: 5-20 mg/kg), and cadmium (Cd: 1-10 mg/kg). In Singrauli, six major TPPs (such as NTPC Vindhyachal and Sasan UMPP) generate approximately 6 million tons of FA annually, which spreads into the environment through leaching processes from open ash ponds.